Interleukin-1 animation

Interleukins are a group of cytokines (secreted signaling molecules) that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes, hence the -leukin) as a means of communication (inter-). The name is something of a relic though (the term was coined by Dr. Paetkau, University of Victoria); it has since been found that interleukins are produced by a wide variety of bodily cells. The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency.

Germinal Centers

Germinal centers is place were B cells proliferates and undergoes both isotype switching and somatic hyper mutation,B cells are formed within Bcell follicle and lymphoid organs.

Formation of germinal center starts when dendritic cells display antigen on the surface ,which activates Antigen specific CD4 Tcells,which proliferate and mature into affector cells capable of activating Antigen specific B cells.

B cells enter into the follicle and begins to proliferate rapidly ,During this time it also undergoes somatic mutation to introduce new variation in the B cell receptor.

B cell undergoes process of selection after somatic mutation .When the receptors are tested for the ability to bind the antigen.

Those who fail to bind or fail to compete efficiently with other B cell receptors will die.

Development of Immunity

B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). The principal functions of B cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system.

Development of Immunity Mode of Action

When antigen enters the body it stimulates B-lymphocytes in blood to produce antibodies specific to antigen which attack and destroy it, after the initial attack number of specific antibodies in the blood falls slowly over several weeks, but the body remembers the structure and can produce in short notice subsequent invasion of same antigen is therefore rapidly halted and specific immunity is acquired, when second antigen is encounter the lymphocytes must produce new antibody since the first antibody is specific only to first antigen ,second antibody continuously circulate on the blood stream and immunity to second antigen is acquired.