AVM Embolization

Arteriovenous malformations are abnormal clusters of blood vessels which can be seen in any part of the human body. They are congenital in nature. In he brain ,AVM's may have no symptoms at all and the abnormality may be picked during a brain scan for another reason. However, one the commonest presentations is with a bleed in the brain resulting in paralysis or unconsciousness . Another form of presentation can be seizures . Its also known that AVM,s can at time's result in frequent head aches termed "vascular headaches". When detected, AVMs are ideally treated to prevent bleeding in future.

Shoulder Dystocia

Shoulder dystocia is a specific case of dystocia whereby after the delivery of the head, the anterior shoulder of the infant cannot pass below the pubic symphysis, or requires significant manipulation to pass below the pubic symphysis. It is diagnosed when the shoulders fail to deliver shortly after the fetal head. In shoulder dystocia, it is the chin that presses against the walls of the perineum.